I will greet the class and introduce the topic with 1-3 discussion questions: 1. What are your thoughts about war? 2. Do you think war is necessary? Why? OCFB: brief discussion and idea sharing

Quick Review: I will remind students the definition of passive voice and past participle to refresh their memories Passive Voice: "The passive voice is when the most important thing happens first." We focus on who did the action. In a passive sentence, we focus on what happened to the person or object. Past Participle: /past par·ti·ci·ple/ /past ˈpärdəˌsipəl/ Grammar: the form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, e.g. killed, defeated

I will pose the following two questions to the learners about the passive voice based on the reading about the Battle of Hastings: 1. Find two examples of the passive voice in the text. • This tests the students' ability to recognize the structure and function of the passive voice within the context of the reading (e.g., "was fought," "was being attacked," "were defeated," "was killed," "was crowned," "was called"). 2. "Why do you think the author chose to use the passive voice in the very first sentence: 'The Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066...'? • This prompts students to think about the author's intent and the purpose of using the passive voice to emphasize the event (the battle) rather than the people who performed the action of fighting. Students' will now read a story about the Battle of Hastings of 1066

I will ask students to look for the "To Be + Past Participle" pattern throughout the text. Major historical events is written in the passive voice. 1. “was fought” 2. “was being attacked” 3. “were defeated” 4. “was killed” 5. “was crowned”

Meaning + CCQs I will ask students what happened in the Battle of Hastings. 1. Showing Meaning (The "Concept") To convey the meaning of a passive sentence like "The Norwegians were defeated by the • Passive Focus (The Receiver): 2. Concept Checking Questions (CCQs) I will ask students simple Yes or No questions. Sentence: "King Harold was killed." 1: Is Harold alive or dead? Answer: (Dead) 2. CCQ 2: Did Harold kill someone, or did someone kill him? Answer: (Someone killed him) 3. Timeline for Meaning Since this is a history text, both occur in the past, but the passive often describes "the result" or "the impact" of the event on the subject. • Past Point 2: Harold was attacked (Passive: he didn't choose this; it happened to him). • Past Point 3: Harold was killed (Passive: the final result). Form [Subject/Receiver] + [Be Verb] + [Past Participle] + (by + Agent) My Examples: • [The Norwegians] [were defeated] [by the English army]. • [King Harold] [was killed]. • [William of Normandy] [was crowned] [King of England] I will show how the "Be" verb changes while the Past Participle stays the same. Tense Form of "To Be" Past Participle Example from Text Past Simple was / were defeated The Norwegians were defeated. Past Continuous was / were being attacked He was being attacked. Present Simple is / are called The abbey is called Battle Abbey.   Pronunciation In the passive voice, the past participle often ends in -ed. I will practice these three different sounds to ensure pronunciation is correct: • /t/ sound (unvoiced): The -ed sounds like a short 't'. The vocal cords do not vibrate. attacked (/əˈtækt/) — Practice saying: "uh-TACKT" • /d/ sound (voiced): The -ed sounds like a 'd'. The vocal cords vibrate. killed (/kɪld/) — Practice saying: "KILD" (one syllable only) called (/kɔːld/) — Practice saying: "CAWLD" • /ɪd/ sound (extra syllable): Only used when the base verb ends in 't' or 'd'. defeated (/dɪˈfiːtɪd/) — Practice saying: "dee-FEE-tid"

I will ask the students to come up with two sentences based on the lesson - To be completed during the breakout room

"Spot the Error" I will ask students to find the one mistake in each. 1. The Battle of Hastings were fought in 1066. 2. King Harold was kill in the last attack. 3. William of Normandy defeat the army of King Harold of England 4. King Harold were attacked by others who wanted to rule 5. William's abbey were called Battle Abbey.

Free practice I will open the discussion by saying: There is a lot of infighting in my country between groups right now, and it reminds me of the civil wars of the 1960s. History usually repeats itself. Students will then answer the following question: I will let the students know the experience could be from a history lesson or what is happening now in their culture. 1. Was there a conflict or war you studied that was difficult for you to forget?

Further reinforce and practice correct pronunciation of words