1. Display on the board three short scenarios: You didn’t take an umbrella, and it started raining heavily. You stayed up too late before an exam. You bought something online that broke the next day. You didn’t check your phone, and you missed an important call. 2. Ask: What happened? How do you think you felt in that situation? What could you have done differently? (don’t correct their grammar yet) 3. Elicit quick answers and write one or two on the board. ✔️ Scenario 1 – Umbrella “It started raining and I got completely wet.” “I felt annoyed and uncomfortable.” “I could have checked the weather before leaving.” “I should have taken an umbrella.” ✔️ Scenario 2 – Stayed up too late “I was exhausted during the exam.” “I felt stressed and unprepared.” “I could have gone to bed earlier.” “I shouldn’t have stayed up so late.” ✔️ Scenario 3 – Online item broke “The product broke the next day.” “I felt disappointed and angry.” “I could have read the reviews first.” “I should have bought something better quality.” ✔️ Scenario 4 – Missed call “I missed an important message.” “I felt upset.” “I could have checked my phone.” “I should have kept the sound on.” 4. Reformulate naturally using the target language and highlight: I should have gone to bed earlier. I could have taken an umbrella. I shouldn’t have bought that online. I could have checked my messages. 5. Circle should have and could have and say: “Great—these are situations where we look back and imagine different possibilities or better decisions. Today we’ll learn how to express these ideas correctly using past modals.”

“You’ll hear a story about something strange that happened in the past. Play Track 9.3 once. Ss discuss in pairs; brief class feedback. Discuss in Pairs the following questions: What was happening in Paris in 1889? Where were Eleanor and Clara Redwood going? Why had they left India? Where and why was Eleanor sent to get the medicine? Why was she surprised when she got back? Did she ever trace her mother? Check quickly as class. and then ask: What do you think could have happened to Clara? PASTE THE TARSNCRIPT

Have Ss work in pairs to match the sentences to their meanings. TABLE PENDING Elicit answers together as a class. CCQs: 1. “He could have taken the wrong train.” Do we know if he took the wrong train? → No Is it possible he took the wrong train? → Yes Are we sure? → No 2. “She couldn’t have known about it.” Was it possible for her to know? → No Are we certain she didn’t know? → Yes 3. “You should have told me earlier.” Did you tell me earlier? → No Was it a good idea to tell me earlier? → Yes Are we criticizing the past? → Yes 4. “He shouldn’t have shouted at her.” Did he shout? → Yes Was it the right thing to do? → No Is the speaker criticizing the past action? → Yes FORM Ask Ss: Which words show advice or criticism/ regret? → “should / shouldn’t” Which words show possibility or ability? → “could / couldn’t” Have Ss complete the table in pairs (using examples). Conduct whole-class feedback and highlight the structure visually: ✅ Modal + have + past participle ❌ don’t use infinitive or simple past after have TABLE PRONUNCIATION Play Track 9.8 once → Ss listen and underline stressed words in each sentence. 1. I SHOULDn’t have gone OUT last NIGHT. “SHOULDn’t” → main stress on SHOULD “out” and “night” → stressed because they are content words falling intonation 2. She SHOULD have PHONED me. SHOULD → main stress PHONED → stressed falling intonation 3. I SHOULDn’t have worn these SHOES. SHOULDn’t → stressed SHOES → stressed 4. He SHOULDn’t have got ANgry with her. SHOULDn’t → stressed ANgry → primary stress on AN 5. You SHOULD have got up EARlier. SHOULD → stressed EARlier → stress on EAR Elicit from Ss: Which words are stressed? → content words (main verbs, adjectives, etc.) Which words are reduced? → “have” becomes /əv/ or /v/. In should/shouldn’t have + past participle, the modal (should / shouldn’t) carries the meaning of regret, advice, criticism, or past possibility. It is the semantic centre of the whole sentence. We stress modals when we want to highlight our attitude about the action ✔ Example: I SHOULDn’t have worn these SHOES. Why are “shouldn’t” and “shoes” stressed? Because in this sentence the important meaning is: shouldn’t → expresses “regret/mistake” shoes → final result of the mistake The verb “worn” is important, but less important than “shoes,” so it receives secondary stress or reduced stress. ✔ Another example: She SHOULD have PHONED me. Here, PHONED is the key new information → so it gets stress. ✔ Another example: You SHOULD have got up EARlier. Why is EARlier stressed? Because the reason for the regret is important: being late. Drilling Sequence: a. Choral drilling → model each sentence (slow → natural speed). b. Individual drilling → nominate 2–3 Ss per sentence. c. Focus on connected speech → show “should have” → should’ve /ʃʊdəv/.

Ss complete a short exercise using the past modals studied: could have and should have. Ss read each sentence carefully and choose the correct modal based on the meaning. Give Ss 2 -3 min to complete the sentences Work in pairs. Compare answers when you are done. OCFB Complete the sentences with could have or should have + past participle He ________ (break) the window — the ball was found inside the house. They ________ (tell) you the truth — they looked really nervous. I ________ (eat) that sushi — it made me feel sick all night. Mark ________ (finish) already — his laptop is still on. You ________ (listen) more carefully — the instructions were clear. They ________ (prepare) better — the presentation was very disorganized. Answer Key could have broken — possible explanation couldn’t have told — impossible → nervous shouldn’t have eaten — bad decision couldn’t have finished — impossible → laptop still on should have listened — advice not followed should have prepared — criticism/advice

Display the prompts on the board. Tell students they will work in pairs. Students choose any two prompts to discuss. Encourage them to use the target language naturally while speaking. A time you lost something — what could have happened to it? A mistake you made last week — what you shouldn’t have done? A strange event in your neighborhood — what couldn’t have happened? Advice you ignored in the past — what you should have done? A time someone surprised you — what could have caused the surprise? Examples 1.A time you lost something — what could have happened to it? Example answer: “I lost my headphones last month. They could have fallen out of my bag on the bus.” Why this works: Uses could have + past participle to express a possibility in the past. 2.A mistake you made last week — what you shouldn’t have done? Example answer: “Last week I was very tired at work. I shouldn’t have stayed up so late playing video games.” Why this works: Uses shouldn’t have + past participle to express regret / a bad decision. 3. A strange event in your neighbourhood — what couldn’t have happened? Example answer: “Yesterday we heard a loud bang outside. It couldn’t have been fireworks because it was raining heavily.” Why this works: Uses couldn’t have + past participle to express impossibility. 4. Advice you ignored in the past — what you should have done? Example answer: “When I was younger, my parents told me to save money. I should have listened to them.” Why this works: Uses should have + past participle for regret / advice not followed.

Mystery Box: What could have happened?” “You receive a package you never ordered.” “You open your fridge and all the food is gone, but the door was locked.” “You enter your kitchen and there are dirty plates everywhere.” 1. “You receive a package you never ordered.” Model ideas: “Your friend could have sent you a gift.” “The delivery company could have made a mistake.” “It couldn’t have been fraud — there’s no charge.” 2. “You open your fridge and all the food is gone, but the door was locked.” model ideas: “Your brother could have eaten everything.” “The food could have gone bad, so someone threw it away.” “It couldn’t have been a robbery — they only took food.” 3. “You enter your kitchen and there are dirty plates everywhere. Students: “Your flatmates could have had a party.” “Someone couldn’t have cleaned, because they were in a hurry.”