Procedure: On the board, write 3 sentences with missing causes: The owner was furious because… The pet got worse after… I missed the appointment since… Students brainstorm endings using past perfect, like: ...I had forgotten to call her. ...he had given the wrong food.

Procedure: Each pair receives shuffled cards with sentence halves: Effect (e.g., “The vet had to repeat the test”) Cause (e.g., “the assistant had entered the wrong values”) Students: Match pairs Read full sentences aloud Create their own version using different verbs Swap cards with another pair and repeat.

Procedure: Students are given 3 “broken” stories where something went wrong (e.g., a missed surgery, a wrong diagnosis, a forgotten follow-up). Each group: Reconstructs the story and adds what had gone wrong Must include at least 3 past perfect clauses Presents the story in “cause–effect” timeline style Example: “The client was angry because we had forgotten to update the records.” Each group shares their story orally to the class or another group.

Prompts on board: Think of a mistake you’ve made recently. What had you misunderstood / forgotten / not done? Students write short responses (2–3 sentences) and then share them in small groups, focusing on how past actions affected later outcomes.

Procedure: Each student writes one sentence using past perfect + past simple from their real life. They swap and peer-check. Instructor collects a few to review on the board, corrects errors as needed.